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      1609 -Henry Hudson discovers Hudson River
http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/Hudson_Bay
http://www.schoonerman.com/halfmoon.htm
http://www.exploid.de/kks/tim/canada_history.html
    1771--- Pioneer Methodist bishop Francis Asbury, 26, on his maiden voyage to America, wrote in his journal: 'Whither am I going? To the New World. What to do? To gain honor? No, if I know my own heart. To get money? No, I am going to live to God, and to bring others to do so.'
    1776 -Nathan Hale leaves Harlem Heights Camp (127th St) in New York City for spy mission When Washington asked his troops who would volunteer to go into enemy camp, only one person stepped forward: Nathan Hale.
    1777-The founding of the first Mission Santa Clara de Assis by Padre Thomas Peña, under the direction of Padre Junípero Serra. The first two were built too close to the Guadalupe River, which over flooded, the third was destroyed by an earthquake and the fourth site is now part of the University of Santa Clara. In 1851, during the height of the Gold Rush era, the Mission Santa Clara was given to the Jesuits who incorporated it into the University of Santa Clara. Rebuilt in 1779 and 1781, and restored after a flood in 1784, an earthquake in 1818, and a fire in 1926, the tower of Santa Clara still contains an original bell brought to that mission from Spain.
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan12.html
http://www.smfc.k12.ca.us/class/parkside/mitchell/natasha.html
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=hhphoto&fileName=ca/ca0900/ca0986/photos/
browse.db&action=browse&recNum=0&title2=Mission%20Santa%20Clara%20de%20Asis,%20
Franklin%20%26%20Grant%20Sts.,%20Santa%20Clara,%20Santa%20Clara%20County,%20
CA&displayType=1&itemLink=r?ammem/hh:@field(DOCID+@lit(CA0986 ))
http://santacruz.about.com/library/weekly/aa091898.htm
http://www.indiancanyon.org/index.html
    1786 - Despite his failed efforts to suppress the American Revolution, Lord Cornwallis was appointed governor general of India.
    1808- The Holy Bible was translated into English by Charles Thomson and printed in Philadelphia, PA by Jane Aitken. “The Holy Bible, containing the old and new covenant, commonly called the Old and New Testament; translated from the Greek.” It was copyrighted in the District of Pennsylvania by the translator, Charles Thomson, who had been secretary to the Continental Congress.
    1814- Battle of North Point fought near Baltimore during War of 1812 9,000 troops British troops land at North Point . They had taken Washington, DC, and wanted to also burn Baltimore, which they called “the nest of pirates”. Fort McHenry stood in their way. Major General Robert Ross, riding ahead of his troops with his personal platoon, thinking this was a “walk in the park,” rode right into General John Stricker, 3,200 men, was only two miles away with his six cannon in place across Long log Lane (North Point Road) waiting for the British, who unlike the Capital, knew they were coming and were prepared to fight. Shots were fired by both sides. Two Americans, Dan Wells and Henry McComas, were instantly killed. They are credited with shooting General Ross. He was 48 years old. (The spot where Ross was shot is marked today by a monument erected to honor Aquilla Randall as the first American killed in the battle. It's still there today, at Old North Point Road near Battle Grove Road.)The death of General Ross was a devastating blow to the British. The also had lost their surprise. Although they outnumbered the Americans, the battle went against them and they retreated. After resting, they turned direction and ran into over 10,000 men and over 60 cannon behind well-made breastworks, ready and waiting to repel any attack. After two short rallies, they took to retreat again. The British were unable to take Fort McHenry (Francis Scott Key wrote the “Star Spangled Banner.”)
    1829-Birthday of Charles Dudly Warner, who should be best remembered for his editorial in the Hartord Courant, Aug 24, 1897 “ Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody dues anything about it.” This American newsman was a good friend of Mark Twain, who is often mistakenly attributed for the “saying.” Died at Hartford, CT. Oct. 20,1900.
    1843- The first minstrel troupe in New York City was formed by Daniel Decatur “Dan” Emmett, who later wrote the song “Dixie.” His quartet of blackface singers and musicians played in several Bowery theaters and established many of the basic routines followed by later minstrel shows.
    1851- Birth of Francis E. Clark, American Congregationalist clergyman. In 1881, at age 29, Clark organized the world's first church "youth fellowship" in Portland, Maine. Clark's original name for this Christian group concept was "The Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor."
    1866- the first burlesque show was opened at Niblo's Garden, New York City. The musical show was produced by Barras and William Wheatley and featured 100 scantily clad young women playing a troupe of dancing fairies. It ran for an unprecedented 16 months, closing on January 4, 1868, after playing 475 performances and grossing $1.3 million. It was in four acts and titled “The Black Crook.”
    1880- Birthday of H.L.Mencken. American newspaperman, lexicographer and critic, “the Sage of Baltimore” was born at Baltimore, MD, and died there Jan 29, 1956. “If, after I depart this vale,” he wrote in 1921 (Epitaph, Smart Set), “you ever remember me and have thought to please my ghost, forgive some sinner and wink your eye at some homely girl..” My mother told me sat on his lap when I was very little, and quite the contrary, he was a very likeable person.
    1889-American aeronaut of French extraction, born in New York, NY, about 1857, achieved world fame as a parachutist. After his first public performance (Philadelphia, PA, 1887), he toured European cities where his parachute jumps attracted wide attention. Credited with 238 successful jumps. He was last seen this day as he jumped from a balloon over Tallinn, Estonia, and perished in the Bay of Reval.
    1913- James Cleveland (Jesse) Owens, American athlete, winner of four gold medals at the 1936 Olympic Games at Berlin, Germany, was born at Oakville, AL. Owens set 11 world records in track and field. During one track meet, at Ann Arbor, Ml, Owens, representing Ohio State University, broke five world records May 23, 1935, and tied a sixth in the space of 45 minutes. Died at Tucson, AZ, Mar 31, 1980.
    1916—Trumpet player Cat Anderson birthday
    1920-Birthday of James “Lucky” Carmichael, Harrodsburg, KY.
    1922- The House of Bishops of the U.S. Protestant Episcopal Church voted 36-27 to delete the word "obey" from the vows of their denomination's official marriage service.
    1924-The Wolverines with Bix Biederbecke opened at the Cinderella Ballroom, New York City. “Variety newspaper dubs them a “torrid unit.”
    1928 - Actress Katharine Hepburn made her stage debut. The play was titled "The Czarina". It would be four years before the ‘First Lady of the American Screen' would indeed, make her first film, "A Bill of Divorcement".
    1931-Birthdday of singer George Jones, born Saratoga, TX.
    1935-Duke Ellington records “Reminiscing in Tempo” on four 10” sides.
    1935-Birthday of drummer Paul Humphrey, Detroit, MI.
    1935-Artie Shaw's new band opens at the Palace Hotel.
    1935 -- Birthday of Richard Hunt, born Chicago, Illinois. African American, A leading sculptor, collected by the National Museum of American Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, & the Museum of the Twentieth Century in Vienna.
http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/biography.asp?bioindex=68&category=artMakers
http://www.h-net.org/~rhunt/begin.html
    1940 - Johnny Long's orchestra recorded the classic "A Shanty in Old Shanty Town" for Decca Records.
    1943 -- Birthday of Michael Ondaatje, born Colombo, Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Canadian novelist/poet who blends myth, history, jazz, & memoirs to create his musical prose & poetry, His 1970 pastiche, The Collected Works of Billy the Kid: Left-Handed Poems drew on his fascination with the American west, & his 1992 novel, The English Patient, got him a popular audience & an award-winning movie.
http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Ondaat.html
http://www.cariboo.bc.ca/ae/engml/FRIEDMAN/ondaatje.htm
    1944---Birthday of singer Barry White, Galveston, TX
    1944--TOMINAC, JOHN J . Medal of Honor
Rank and organization: First Lieutenant, U.S. Army, Company I, 15th Infantry, 3d Infantry Division. Place and date: Saulx de Vesoul, France, 12 September 1944. Entered service at: Conemaugh, Pa. Birth: Conemaugh, Pa. G.O. No.: 20, 29 March 1945. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at risk of life above and beyond the call of duty on 12 September 1944, in an attack on Saulx de Vesoul, France 1st Lt. Tominac charged alone over 50 yards of exposed terrain onto an enemy roadblock to dispatch a 3-man crew of German machine gunners with a single burst from his Thompson machinegun after smashing the enemy outpost, he led 1 of his squads in the annihilation of a second hostile group defended by mortar, machinegun automatic pistol, rifle and grenade fire, killing about 30 of the enemy. Reaching the suburbs of the town, he advanced 50 yards ahead of his men to reconnoiter a third enemy position which commanded the road with a 77-mm. SP gun supported by infantry elements. The SP gun opened fire on his supporting tank, setting it afire with a direct hit. A fragment from the same shell painfully wounded 1st Lt. Tominac in the shoulder, knocking him to the ground. As the crew abandoned the M-4 tank, which was rolling down hill toward the enemy, 1st Lt. Tominac picked himself up and jumped onto the hull of the burning vehicle. Despite withering enemy machinegun, mortar, pistol, and sniper fire, which was ricocheting off the hull and turret of the M-4, 1st Lt. Tominac climbed to the turret and gripped the 50-caliber antiaircraft machinegun. Plainly silhouetted against the sky, painfully wounded, and with the tank burning beneath his feet, he directed bursts of machinegun fire on the roadblock, the SP gun, and the supporting German infantrymen, and forced the enemy to withdraw from his prepared position. Jumping off the tank before it exploded, 1st Lt. Tominac refused evacuation despite his painful wound. Calling upon a sergeant to extract the shell fragments from his shoulder with a pocketknife, he continued to direct the assault, led his squad in a hand grenade attack against a fortified position occupied by 32 of the enemy armed with machineguns, machine pistols, and rifles, and compelled them to surrender. His outstanding heroism and exemplary leadership resulted in the destruction of 4 successive enemy defensive positions, surrender of a vital sector of the city Saulx de Vesoul, and the death or capture of at least 60 of the enemy.
    1951--*SUDUT, JEROME A. Medal of Honor
Rank and organization: Second Lieutenant, U.S. Army, Company B, 27th Infantry Regiment, 25th Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Kumhwa, Korea, 12 September 1951. Entered service at: Wisconsin. Birth: Wausau, Wis. G.O. No.: 31, 21 March 1952. Citation: 2d Lt. Sudut distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy. His platoon, attacking heavily fortified and strategically located hostile emplacements, had been stopped by intense fire from a large bunker containing several firing posts. Armed with submachinegun, pistol, and grenades, 2d Lt. Sudut charged the emplacement alone through vicious hostile fire, killing 3 of the occupants and dispersing the remainder. Painfully wounded, he returned to reorganize his platoon, refused evacuation and led his men in a renewed attack. The enemy had returned to the bunker by means of connecting trenches from other emplacements and the platoon was again halted by devastating fire. Accompanied by an automatic-rifleman 2d Lt. Sudut again charged into close-range fire to eliminate the position. When the rifleman was wounded, 2d Lt. Sudut seized his weapon and continued alone, killing 3 of the 4 remaining occupants. Though mortally wounded and his ammunition exhausted, he jumped into the emplacement and killed the remaining enemy soldier with his trench knife. His single-handed assaults so inspired his comrades that they continued the attack and drove the enemy from the hill, securing the objective. 2d Lt. Sudut's consummate fighting spirit, outstanding leadership, and gallant self-sacrifice are in keeping with the finest traditions of the infantry and the U.S. Army.
    1953-- - 24-year-old Jacqueline Lee Bouvier wed the 36-year-old U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, future U.S. President, John Fitzgerald Kennedy.
http://www.jhu.edu/~jhumag/1101web/camelot.html
    1954---Top Hits
Sh-Boom - The Crew Cuts
Hey There - Rosemary Clooney
The High and the Mighty - Victor Young
I Don't Hurt Anymore - Hank Snow
    1954- “Lassie” premiered on TV. This long-running series was originally about a boy and his courageous and intelligent dog, Lassie. Although he would often say, “Come here, girl,” Lassie was played by more than six different dogs through the series, all male). For the first few seasons, Lassie lived on the Miller farm. The family included Jeff (Tommy Rettig), his widowed mother Ellen (Jan Clayton) and George Cleveland as Gramps. Throughout the years there were many format and cast changes, as Lassie was exchanged from one family to another in order to have a variety of new perils and escapades. Other featured performers included Cloris Leachman, June Lockhart and Larry Wilcox. The show was last seen September 12, 1971.
    1958-Integrated circuit was invented independently by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor, Mountain View, CA. This day Kilby tested a working integrated circuit. Between March and June of 1959, Noyce improved on Kilby's cruder device by designing the first reliable, mass-producible integrated circuit. Noyce was awarded the patent after a 10-year lawsuit between the two men.
    1960--Hurricane Donna made landfall on central Long Island and then tracked across New England. Wind gusts reached 140 mph at the Blue Hills Observatory in Milton, MA and 130 at Block Island, RI. MacDowell Dam in New Hampshire recorded 7.25 inches of rain. Although a record tide of 6.1 feet occurred at the Battery in New York City, elsewhere fortunately the storm did not make landfall at the high tides its effects were minimized. This was the first hurricane to affect every point along the east coast from Key West, FL to Caribou, ME
    1962---Top Hits
Sheila - Tommy Roe
You Don't Know Me - Ray Charles
Ramblin' Rose - Nat King Cole
Devil Woman - Marty Robbins
    1962- Tom Cheney of the Washington Senators set a major league record for most strikeouts in a game when he fanned 21 Baltimore Orioles in a 16-ining game that he won 2-1.
    1963-“Leave It to Beaver,” which had debuted in 1957, airs its last episode. The typical 1950s "wholesome family" comedy presented the lives of the Cleaver family from the perspective of seven-year-old Theodore "Beaver" Cleaver. The clan included parents June and Ward, and older brother Wally. The show enjoyed much popularity in reruns and a revival in the 1980s as The New Leave It to Beaver.
    1964-First football game at New York Shea Stadium, the Jets defeated Denver 30-6 .
    1964-Ralph Boston of the US, sets then long jump record at 27' 4«".
    1964--Manfred Mann's "Do Wah Diddy Diddy" enters Billboard's Hot 100, where it will reach number one just a few weeks later.
    1966- “The Monkees” premiered on TV.. Based on a rock and roll group that was supposed to be an American version of the Beatles, this half-hour show featured a blend of comedy and music. Some 400 aspiring actors had auditioned for the Columbia television series by producer Don Kirschner. Davy Jones, a former English horse racing jockey; Michael Nesmith, a session guitarist; Peter Tork of the Phoenix Singers; and Micky Dolenz, who had appeared in the TV series "Circus Boy" were picked to be America's answer to The Beatles. The four were picked to become the fabricated music group -- not because they could sing, act or play musical instruments -- but because they looked the parts. Dolenz and Jones were actors, Tork and Nesmith had some musical experience. The Monkees were the first, made-for-TV, rock group. Ironically -- or maybe not -- "The Monkees" TV show won an Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series of 1967. Their first songs on the show were lip-synched but were immensely popular; later the Monkees insisted on writing and performing their own music. A Monkees album, Headquarters, and Monkees tours were very successful. In 1986, the Monkees, except for Nesmith, were reunited for a 20th Anniversary tour and the show was broadcast in reruns on MTV. The Monkees sans Nesmith also toured in 1996 for the 30th reunion celebration
    1966 - The Beatles received a gold record this day for "Yellow Submarine".
    1970---Top Hits
War - Edwin Starr
Ain't No Mountain High Enough - Diana Ross
In the Summertime - Mungo Jerry
All for the Love of Sunshine - Hank Williams, Jr.
    1970 - James Taylor's first single, "Fire and Rain", was released. Taylor scored 14 hits on the music charts in the 1970s and 1980s.
    1972- “Maude” premiered. Bea Arthur's character, Maude Findlay, was first introduced as Edith Bunker's cousin on ‘All in the Family.” She was a loud, opinionated liberal, living with her fourth husband Walter (Bill Macy). Other characters on the show were her divorced daughter by a previous marriage, Carol Trainer (Adrienne Barbeau), Conrad Bain as Dr. Arthur Harmon, Rue McClanahan as Arthur's wife Vivian (Baa Arthur and McClanahan would later star in another sitcom, ‘The Golden Girls”), Esther Rolle as Florida Evans, Maude's maid and John Amos as her husband, Henry (in 1974 they left the series to star in “Good Times”). This was one of the first shows to tackle the controversial issue of abortion.
    1973 - Horse race jockey Bill Shoemaker rode his 100th winner -- in a $100,000 stakes race. Shoemaker was aboard Such a Rush in the Del Mar Futurity at Del Mar, CA.
    1974-In Boston, Massachusetts, opposition to court-ordered school "busing" turns violent on the opening day of classes. School buses carrying African American children were pelted with eggs, bricks, and bottles, and police in combat gear fought to control angry white protesters besieging the schools. U.S. District Judge Arthur Garrity ordered the busing of African American students to predominantly white schools and white students to black schools in an effort to integrate Boston's geographically segregated public schools. In his June 1974 ruling in Morgan v. Hennigan, Garrity stated that Boston's de facto school segregation discriminated against black children. The beginning of forced busing on September 12 was met with massive protests, particularly in South Boston, the city's main Irish- Catholic neighborhood. Protests continued unabated for months, and many parents, white and black, kept their children at home. In October, the National Guard was mobilized to enforce the federal desegregation order.
    1977--two batches of thunderstorms, one in the morning and the next in the evening dumped a combined total of 12-16 inches of rain around Kansas City, MO. Major flooding occurred and 25 were killed
    1977-- Azie Taylor Morton takes office as first African-American woman Treasurer of the United States.
http://www.soulciti.com/morton/
    1978---Top Hits
Boogie Oogie Oogie - A Taste of Honey
Three Times a Lady - Commodores
Hot Blooded - Foreigner
I've Always Been Crazy - Waylon Jennings
    1979 - Carl Yastrzemski of the Boston Red Sox became the first American League player to get 3,000 career hits -- and 400 career home runs -- as the Red Sox downed the New York Yankees 9-2 at Fenway Park in Boston.
    1979 --Hurricane Frederick made landfall on the Alabama coast. Winds gusted to 145 mph on Dauphin Island with a storm surge of 12 feet. Winds gusted to hurricane force at Meridian, MS even though the city is 140 miles inland. 5 people died and damage was $2.3 billion, most on record to that time
    1981- At the age of 42, Gaylord Perry signs a one-year contract with the Braves.
    1984- The Chicago Bulls signed their No. 1 draft choice, Michael Jordan, a guard from the University of North Carolina. Jordan was the No. 3 choice overall behind Akeem ( later Hakeem) Olajuwan, taken by Houston, and Sam Bowie, selected by Portland. He signed a seven year contract.
    1986---Top Hits
Venus - Bananarama
Take My Breath Away - Berlin
Dancing on the Ceiling - Lionel Richie
Desperado Love - Conway Twitty
    1988--- Hurricane Gilbert tore through the Caribbean . On the 12th, it cut through Jamaica with Kingston recording 116 mph sustained winds and gust to 140. 45 people were killed and damage topped $2 billion. Despite 7000 foot mountains, Gilbert didn't weaken at all and after exiting Jamaica, underwent incredible deepening - 72 Mb in 24 hours to 888 Mb (26.22 inches). Sustained winds were recorded at 185 mph with gusts over 200 mph in the Caribbean west of Jamaica. On the 16th the storm came ashore near Las Pesca, Mexico about 125 miles south of Brownsville. Mexico was hard hit with 202 killed and 60,000 homes destroyed. Total damage reached 2 billion dollars. In the U.S. the damage of $50 million was mostly from tornadoes spun off by Gilbert, two in San Antonio and one at Kelly AFB which did $28 million dollars in damage.
    1988-The Phoenix Cardinals play their first NFL regular-season game, losing to the Dallas Cowboys, 17-14. The good news: ended the team's 15-year playoff drought and achieved their first postseason victory since 1947.
http://phoenix.about.com/library/weekly/aacardinalsa.htm
    1992- the first African-American woman to fly in space was Dr. Mae Carol Jemison, a physician who also held degrees in chemical engineering and African-American studies. Jemison, who left private practice to join NASA in 1987, made her first space flight as a payload mission specialist on the Space Shuttle Endeavor. She performed experiments on space motion sickness and bone cell loss in the space environment. Ironically, on the same flight were the first husband and wife to fly in space together, Mission Specialist N. Jan Davis, an engineer, and Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Mark C. Lee, who served as crew members. Although NASA has a rule forbidding married couples to take part in the same mission, the rule was waived for Davis and Lee because they had no children and both and trained as astronauts for several years before they were married.
    1998 - Sammy Sosa of the Chicago Cubs became the fourth player in major-league baseball history to reach 60 homers in a single season.
    1999 -Setting an all-time record, Mark McGwire's 70th HR ball is purchased at an auction by an anonymous buyer for $3 million surpassing a $126,500 which bought a Babe Ruth home run ball.